A navigator for applying persuasive technologies in participatory design processes

About: The navigator contains application scenarios for 17 different persuasive technology platforms. These scenarios were divided into four different dimensions: making, telling, enacting and general challenges. For more information on each activity, click on the respective name in Figure 1.
Note: This is a living collection, we try to expand the dataset continuously.
Target group: This navigator should support workshop moderators and supervisors in the conception of participatory design and collaborative innovation processes and show them possibilities how to enhance their workshops with persuasive technologies.
Talking, telling and explaining
Making tangible things
Acting, enacting and playing
General Challenges
Figure 1: Overview about the dimensions of the navigator
(cf. Sanders, Brandt & Binder: A framework for organizing the tools and techniques of participatory design,
Jarvela & Jarvenoja: Socially Constructed Self-Regulated Learning and Motivation Regulation in Collaborative Learning Groups and
Woodman, R. W., Sawyer, J. E., & Griffin, R. W.: "Toward a Theory of Organizational Creativity" )
Persuasive technology
  • Persuasive technologies change a person’s attitude or behavior
  • Motivation is an important component of a behavior change
  • A behavior change consists of three factors: motivation, ability and triggers
(cf. Fogg: Persuasive computers and Fogg: A behavior model for persuasive design )
Participatory design
  • Co-design can be seen as collective creativity during a design process
  • Participatory design means the inclusion of non-professional designers in a co-design process
  • It can be applied in collaborative innovation processes
(cf. Sanders & Stappers: Co-creation and the new landscapes of design and Sanders, Brandt & Binder: A framework for organizing the tools and techniques of participatory design )
Usage/Example: Review possible technology channels, select relevant or interesting technology platforms for the three activites and for general challenges and click on "Submit". The result (cf. example on the right of this text) contains a short description for each technology platform, sample applications with references and possible persuasive design principles as a suggestion.
Technology platform

Application scenario

Examples:
  • Existing example application of a persuasive technology Reference
Persuasive design principle:
e.g. ...
Start now

Application navigator

> Review possible technology platforms

Table 1: Overview about the technology platforms mentioned in the navigator.
Application level , Technology
Technology Platform Description/Example
Artificial Intelligence & Analytics Monitor participants, analyse behavior and recommend actions
Augmented & Virtual Reality Augment physical settings or show 3-D mock-ups
Collaboration Software e.g. tools, video conferences, collaborative blogs, wikis
Display & Stationary Computer Show information or interact with participants
Games Serious games to reflect opinions or enable learning
Internet of Things Devices with internet connection and sensors to improve activity
Lights & Markers Influence participant behavior with visual components
Online Social Network & Social Software Provide social components to increase interaction/activity
Technology Platform Description/Example
Persuasive Messages & Reminders (Text) messages to remind or influence people
Physical Tags e.g. QR codes or RFID tags to enhance activity
Robotics e.g. (humanoid) robot assistant
Sensors Collect stationary sensor data, e.g. regarding activity of participants
Smartphone & Mobile Device Applications on smartphones, tablets or similar devices
Speech, Sound & Video Influence participant behavior with audiovisual components
Wearables e.g. smartwatches to collect data and provide information
Website & Web-based Show additional data or provide explanations
Virtual Agent/Coach & Assistant Assist users to perform certain tasks, e.g. with recommendations

> Find technology platforms to address activities or challenges

Making tangible things
Virtual 3-D mock-ups and tutorials
Digitize making processes and facilitate knowledge sharing online
Status display for goal setting, task structuring and visual triggers
Technology-focused prototyping with prototyping toolkits
Supply triggers to motivate and remind participants
Provide verbal triggers or videos explaining or simulating tasks
Talking, telling and explaining
Facilitate telling by putting participants in virtual or augmented scenarios
Virtualize talking, telling and explaining methods, by using e.g. video conferences, collaborative blogs, wikis, etc.
Show short text messages or explanatory sentences to start discussions
Lights to symbolize volume and speaking time of participants
Motivate participants by virtualizing parts of the design process using a persuasive social network
Structure and guide through conversations with persuasive messages
Trigger location-based participation
(Humanoid) robot guiding through processes or assisting e.g. observations
Simplify e.g. timelines and self-observations
Digitizing various talking, telling and explaining activities by using smartphone apps
Audio or video describing situations to trigger participants' own experiences
Coach users to participate in expressing their ideas
Websites to structure and organize conversations
Acting, enacting and playing
Enhancing acting and enacting by displaying additional information
AI monitors participation and persuades passive people
Display the state of different tasks to motivate and influence participation
Influence users to participate, reflect opinions, or to enable learning
Ambient lighting for influencing participant behavior
Social media persuading people to enact
Supply triggers to motivate and remind participants
Increase enactment by interacting with RFID chips or location based triggers
(Humanoid) robot persuading people to enact
Collect data on the activity of participants
Speech or video to encourage activity, e.g. via gestures
Assistant or coach engaging users or giving feedback
Measure activity with wearables and provide instructions
Augment offline playing or interactions with an online component
General Challenges
Monitor progress and suggest following actions
Bridge online offline gap and include remote participants
Guide trough processes and show adaptive reminders
Serious games for improving knowledge
Integrated devices monitoring conditions and recommending actions
Ambient lighting for influencing participant behavior
Add online components to physical settings by interacting with social media
Involve passive people, provide triggers and reminders
Enhance activity by including QR codes or RFID tags in the design process and e.g. displaying additional information
Robot guides through design process
Track activity data of participants
Improve collaboration by supporting decision making and explaining or recommending actions
Explain tasks or provide examples
Motivate people to change behavior
Measure activity with wearables and provide instructions
Show additional data or background information about certain items
Show all Clear

> Identify and imitate successful examples

Making tangible things

Augmented & Virtual Reality

Virtual 3-D mock-ups and tutorials

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Simulation, Social comparison
Collaboration Software

Digitize making processes and facilitate knowledge sharing online

Example:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Reduction, Social facilitation, Cooperation
Display & Stationary Computer

Status display for goal setting, task structuring and visual triggers

Example:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Social comparison, Competition, Recognition
Internet of Things

Technology-focused prototyping with prototyping toolkits

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Tailoring, Cooperation
Persuasive Messages & Reminders

Supply triggers to motivate and remind participants

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Praise, Rewards, Reminders, Suggestion
Speech, Sound & Video

Provide verbal triggers or videos explaining or simulating tasks

Example:
Persuasive design principle:
e.g. Simulation

Acting, enacting and playing

Augmented & Virtual Reality

Enhancing acting and enacting by displaying additional information

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Praise, Suggestion
Artificial Intelligence & Analytics

AI monitors participation and persuades passive people

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Reduction, Tunneling, Tailoring, Personalization, Self-monitoring
Display & Stationary Computer

Display the state of different tasks to motivate and influence participation

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Tunneling, Reminders
Games

Influence users to participate, reflect opinions, or to enable learning

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Rewards, Cooperation, Competition
Lights & Markers

Ambient lighting for influencing participant behavior

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Tunneling, Reminders
Online Social Network & Social Software

Social media persuading people to enact

Example:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Social learning, Normative influence, Social facilitation
Persuasive Messages & Reminders

Supply triggers to motivate and remind participants

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Tunneling, Praise, Reminders
Physical Tags

Increase enactment by interacting with RFID chips or location based triggers

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Praise, Suggestion
Robotics

(Humanoid) robot persuading people to enact

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Self-monitoring, Cooperation
Sensors

Collect data on the activity of participants

Examples:
Persuasive design principle:
e.g. Self-monitoring
Speech, Sound & Video

Speech or video to encourage activity, e.g. via gestures

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Simulation, Reminders
Virtual Agent/Coach & Assistant

Assistant or coach engaging users or giving feedback

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Suggestion, Social role, Expertise
Wearables

Measure activity with wearables and provide instructions

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Self-monitoring, Suggestion
Website & Web-based

Augment offline playing or interactions with an online component

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Reminders, Trustworthiness, Expertise

Talking, telling and explaining

Augmented & Virtual Reality

Facilitate telling by putting participants in virtual or augmented scenarios

Example:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Tunneling, Simulation, Rehearsal
Collaboration Software

Virtualize talking, telling and explaining methods, by using e.g. video conferences, collaborative blogs, wikis, etc.

Example:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Social facilitation, Cooperation
Display & Stationary Computer

Show short text messages or explanatory sentences to start discussions

Example:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Praise, Reminders, Suggestion
Lights & Markers

Lights to symbolize volume and speaking time of participants

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Praise, Reminders
Online Social Network & Social Software

Motivate participants by virtualizing parts of the design process using a persuasive social network

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Social comparison, Social facilitation, Cooperation
Persuasive Messages & Reminders

Structure and guide through conversations with persuasive messages

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Tunneling, Praise, Reminders
Physical Tags

Trigger location-based participation

Example:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Praise, Suggestion
Robotics

(Humanoid) robot guiding through processes or assisting e.g. observations

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Self-monitoring, Social role
Sensors

Simplify e.g. timelines and self-observations

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Tailoring, Self-monitoring
Smartphone & Mobile Device

Digitizing various talking, telling and explaining activities by using smartphone apps

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Personalization, Self-monitoring, Praise
Speech, Sound & Video

Audio or video describing situations to trigger participants' own experiences

Example:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Praise, Reminders, Suggestion
Virtual Agent/Coach & Assistant

Coach users to participate in expressing their ideas

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Social role, Expertise
Website & Web-based

Websites to structure and organize conversations

Example:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Tailoring, Social learning

General Challenges

Artificial Intelligence & Analytics

Monitor progress and suggest following actions

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Self-monitoring, Suggestion
Collaboration Software

Bridge online offline gap and include remote participants

Example:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Social facilitation, Cooperation
Display & Stationary Computer

Guide trough processes and show adaptive reminders

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Tunneling, Praise, Reminders
Games

Serious games for improving knowledge

Example:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Simulation, Rehearsal
Internet of Things

Integrated devices monitoring conditions and recommending actions

Example:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Self-monitoring, Reminders, Suggestion
Lights & Markers

Ambient lighting for influencing participant behavior

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Praise, Reminders
Online Social Network & Social Software

Add online components to physical settings by interacting with social media

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Social learning, Social facilitation, Cooperation
Persuasive Messages & Reminders

Involve passive people, provide triggers and reminders

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Tunneling, Praise, Reminders, Suggestion
Physical Tags

Enhance activity by including QR codes or RFID tags in the design process and e.g. displaying additional information

Example:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Praise, Suggestion
Robotics

Robot guides through design process

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Tunneling, Social role
Sensors

Track activity data of participants

Examples:
Persuasive design principle:
e.g. Self-monitoring
Smartphone & Mobile Device

Improve collaboration by supporting decision making and explaining or recommending actions

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Reduction, Tailoring, Suggestion, Trustworthiness
Speech, Sound & Video

Explain tasks or provide examples

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Tunneling, Simulation, Reminders
Virtual Agent/Coach & Assistant

Motivate people to change behavior

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Suggestion, Social role, Expertise
Wearables

Measure activity with wearables and provide instructions

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Self-monitoring, Suggestion
Website & Web-based

Show additional data or background information about certain items

Examples:
Persuasive design principles:
e.g. Trustworthiness, Expertise
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